TNF and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: Studies indicate elevated levels of cytokines like TNF-α, hs-CRP, and inflammatory interleukins (e.g., IL-1β, IL-1RA, IL-6, IL-10, circulating monocyte chemoattractant protein resulted in a chronic low-grade inflammatory state in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) (Kuusisto et al., 2012).