Another cross-sectional study evaluated women with CN or dysplasia and healthy women with or without HPV infection and assessed the cervicovaginal microenvironment that had multiple pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-36γ, IP-10, MIP-1β and RANTES), haematopoietic (FLT3 ligand), growth factors and angiogenic factors (FGF-2, SCF, TRAIL), hormones (prolactin), chemokines (MIF and TNF-α) and osteopontin. The gene discussed is CCL4; the disease is dysplasia.