Similarly, recent data from other studies suggest that the rate of HBVr in HBsAg-positive cancer patients receiving PD-1 inhibitors can be reduced to 2.0% (range 0.4–3.5%) with the prophylactic use of NAs (Yoo et al. 2022; Zhang, et al. 2019; He et al. 2021). Here, PDCD1 is linked to cancer.