Specifically, the SZ/ID models (Ppp3r1 KO, Nrgn KO mice, and Hivep2 KO mice), BD/ID model (Camk2a KO mice), ASD model (Chd8 KO mice), depression models (mice exposed to social defeat stress, corticosterone-treated mice, and Sert KO mice), and other disease models mentioned above commonly exhibited decreased brain pH and increased lactate levels. Here, PPP3R1 is linked to depressive symptom measurement.