Indeed, in vitro studies have shown that the pro-inflammatory milieu in the inflamed gut of IBD patients can lead to alterations on several proteins within the AJC, as upon stimulation with IL1β (Al-Sadi et al., 2008), IL6 (Suzuki et al., 2011), IL4 and IL13 (Ceponis et al., 2000), TNF-α (Ma et al., 2004) or IFN-γ (Madara and Stafford, 1989; Wang et al., 2005). The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.