In this study, a comparison of immune infiltration between clusters A and B demonstrated that cluster B exhibited significantly higher levels of plasma cells, CD8+ T cells, regulatory T cells (Tregs), activated natural killer (NK) cells, and dendritic cells (DCs) compared to cluster A. For instance, tumor cells stimulate lactic acid production through LDHA, which disrupts the secretion of IFN-γ and other cytokines in tumor-infiltrating T cells and NK cells, thereby promoting tumor growth (55). Here, CD8A is linked to neoplasm.