PPARA and neoplasm: Lu et al. (2005) confirmed that PPAR γ ligand troglitazone could reduce the risk of GC induced by chemical carcinogens in rats. In patient-derived GC cells, PPAR δ knockout significantly suppresses the cancer cell invasion and tumor formation (Song et al., 2020). PPAR α/γ agonist TZD18 inhibits the growth of GC cells by inducing apoptosis (Ma et al., 2019). PPAR α shows a high expression in GC and is negatively correlated with prognosis (Chen et al., 2020b).