AIF1 and Alzheimer disease: As shown in Figure 7A, the ADM group exhibited higher staining intensity, increased positive expression of GFAP and Iba-1, and a substantial increase in positively-stained area (p < 0.01) compared with the BLA group, which suggests significant activation of astrocytes and microglia in AD rats, promoting reactive glial cell proliferation, heightened release of inflammatory factors, and consequent neuronal damage.