Various strategies have been explored to advance the treatment of MRC I deficiency, including adeno-associated virus-based gene therapy, antioxidant-based clinical trials (e.g., idebenone, omaveloxolone), inhibition of mTOR, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide modulators, mitochondrial replacement therapy, regulating mitophagy therapy, bypassing oxidative phosphorylation defects, and shifting mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy (29, 30). Here, MTOR is linked to hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia, familial, 4.