TNF and diabetic kidney disease: In addition to common cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-18, which are known to accelerate inflammatory responses in the endothelium [23, 24], recent studies have underscored the importance of key chemokines such as MCP-1, CCL5, CXCL1, and CXCL2 in promoting inflammation in DKD by facilitating the recruitment of immune cells into the glomeruli [62–64].