Increasing age, longer duration since diabetes diagnosis, overweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic foot ulcer, nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, insulin (alone and in combination with oral glucose-lowering drugs), higher numbers of antihypertensive agents, antiplatelet agents, poorer HbA1c control, and higher systolic BP categories were associated with higher odds ratios for DKD. This evidence concerns the gene INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.