Increasing age, longer duration since diabetes diagnosis, overweight, obesity, hypertension, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic foot ulcer, nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, insulin (alone and in combination with oral glucose-lowering drugs), higher numbers of antihypertensive agents, antiplatelet agents, poorer HbA1c control, and higher systolic BP categories were associated with higher odds ratios for DKD. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is diabetic kidney disease.