INS and cancer: Additionally, an association between proinsulin and RCC (Suggestive, ORSD = 0.80, 95% CI: 0.67–0.96, P = 1.50 × 10−2), fasting insulin and lung (Suggestive, ORSD = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.03 - 1.90, P = 3.29 × 10−2) and endometrial (Suggestive, ORSD = 1.76, 95% CI: 1.02–3.03, P = 4.24 × 10−2) cancers, and IGF-1 levels and breast cancer (Probable, ORSD = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02–1.13, P = 6.21 × 10−3) was observed.