INS and diabetes mellitus: The same association study between hemoglobin subfractions and the other metabolic parameters related to diabetes, namely glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), and C-peptide (C-PEP), showed appreciable positive correlation especially with LA1C and A1C, while the hemoglobin subfraction A0 was negatively associated with GLU and C-PEP in both males and females (S1 Table).