MTOR and tuberous sclerosis: Consistent with the idea that mTOR signaling dysfunction could be a common mechanism for autism, monogenic syndromic disorders, which can exhibit ASD such as tuberous sclerosis (TSC), PTEN-associated ASD, and neurofibromatosis-1, have mutations that directly affect mTOR pathway components (Enriquez-Barreto and Morales, 2016; Yeung et al., 2017; Huber et al., 2015; Dasgupta et al., 2005; Winden et al., 2019; Sharma et al., 2010; Rangasamy et al., 2016; Costales and Kolevzon, 2015).