GCG and atherosclerosis: On the other hand, KEGG pathway analysis of downregulated genes reveals diminished activities in pathways such as salivary secretion, rheumatoid arthritis, lipid and atherosclerosis, glucagon signaling, tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling, pyruvate metabolism, pancreatic secretion, and arginine and proline metabolism, signifying a global influence on various cellular processes (Figure 4).