TNF and cholestasis: Levels of IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-1β in liver tissue reflect the degree of hepatic inflammation caused by cholestasis (Wei et al., 2020; Gallucci et al., 2022), while serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C reflect lipid metabolism and oil red O staining visualizes lipid accumulation in liver tissue (Sheng et al., 2019).