Looking at the groupwise level, we found 1209 genes were significantly differentially expressed (DE) between DCIS and IBC (FDR-corrected q-value < 0.001) (Fig. 2 A&B and Table 4), with the top DE genes upregulated in IBC largely related to extracellular matrix formation and comprising collagen-related genes (COL11A1, COL10A), matrix metallopeptidase subunits (MMP11, MMP13, MMP1, etc.)as well as genes associated with microfibril assembly (FN1, MFAP2, LRRC15, etc.). Here, MFAP2 is linked to inflammatory breast carcinoma.