Further studies found that tumor-derived exosomes (containing TGF-β, cGAS, and cGAMP) can induce FOXP3 transcription, leading to the proliferation of induced Treg, via TBK1-IRF3-mediated SMAD3 and STAT5 phosphorylation, independent of IFN-β.246. Here, IRF3 is linked to neoplasm.