NOD1 and neoplasm: For instance, NOD1 activation in breast cancer has been observed to induce apoptosis in tumor cells and reduce their sensitivity to estrogen-induced proliferative stimuli.439 In colorectal cancer, NLRC3 has been shown to inhibit cell growth mediated by the PI3K-AKT signaling axis and mTOR, while stabilizing tumor suppressor proteins FoxO3a and FoxO1.