NFKB1 and neoplasm: This activation of STING in astrocytes subsequently promotes the release of Type I IFN and TNF-α, which in turn activates the STAT1 and NF-κB signaling pathways to facilitate tumor growth.225 The diverse downstream effects triggered by the intercellular transfer of cGAMP and subsequent activation of the STING pathway may be dependent on the type of cells activated.