TOLLIP and gastric cancer: For example, the negative regulator of TLR, TOLLIP (toll-interacting protein), is downregulated in colorectal and gastric cancers, thereby contributing to the upregulation of TLR expression.411,412 Moreover, cytokines such as TNF-α, glucocorticoids, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the TME also enhance TLR expression.413,414 miRNAs play a pivotal role in this process.