Moreover, RLRs can sensitize the effects of radiotherapy and immunotherapy checkpoint inhibitors.490,498,499 An in vitro study demonstrated that the RLR pathway is necessary and sufficient for the cytotoxic response and IFN-β production triggered by radiotherapy and chemotherapy.498 Activation of RLRs increases PD-L1 expression in tumor cells, establishing sensitivity to PD-1 checkpoint blockade in vivo.490. Here, IFNB1 is linked to neoplasm.