TGFB1 and neoplasm: This allows for the concurrent activation of RIG-I and gene silencing by creating single short interfering RNA (siRNA) with 5′-triphosphate ends (3p-siRNA).502 For example, siRNAs targeting the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 or TGF-β1 have exhibited enhanced anti-tumor effects in preclinical studies compared to treatments that merely stimulate RIG-I.502,503