TLR9 and cancer: Both TLR9 and STING agonists enhanced APC IFN-β and TNF-α expression, with TLR9 being indispensable for the vaccine’s anti-tumor response.576 Poly IC and its derivative Poly ICLC, acting as agonists for TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA5, are widely utilized in cancer vaccines, aiding tumor eradication in both animal tumor models and patients.577 One clinical study revealed that treating newly diagnosed GBM patients with a combination of Temozolomide and Poly ICLC resulted in a median survival of 17.2 months, surpassing existing standard treatments (NCT00262730).