CSF2 and neoplasm: These molecules could induce cellular senescence.181,182 This irreversible state of cell cycle arrest gives rise to the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).183 Typical components of SASP include cytokines (such as IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and GM-CSF), chemokines (such as MCP-1 to 4, MIP-1α, MIP-3α), proteases (such as MMP 1, 3, 9, and 12), and growth factors (such as TGF-β).183 These components can promote inflammation and reinforce cell cycle arrest to eliminate these cells.184–187 A deficiency in SASP response has been observed to accelerate tumor growth.184,186