For example, tumor cells induce PD-L1 expression in TANs by secreting GM-CSF and stimulate higher levels of iNOS and ARG1 expression in TANs through TGF-β.93,94 Additionally, the aberrant TME reshapes the energy metabolism characteristics of TANs, affecting downstream transcriptional and translational processes. Here, TGFB1 is linked to neoplasm.