TLR5 and neoplasm: Endogenous activation of TLR3 in NK cells stimulates IFN-γ production and enhances NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity, independently of dendritic cells, thereby suppressing tumor metastasis.352 TLR5 agonists activate anti-tumor immunity through the NK-dendritic-CD8+ T-cell axis.353 Moreover, the presence of NK cells is indispensable for the inhibitory effects on melanoma liver metastasis mediated by TLR5 agonists.354