TLR9 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: For instance, a Phase Ib trial involving inhaled DV281, a TLR9 agonist, in combination with Nivolumab in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer indicated sustained control in 50% of the participants.616 Another study demonstrated that the combined use of the TLR9 agonist Vidutolimod with PD-1 blockade resulted in durable responses in 25% of the patients.