BRAF and melanoma: Mutations of the MAP Kinase (MAPK) pathway, primarily in BRAF-V600E are highly prevalent in thyroid cancer.7–9 While pharmacologic inhibition of BRAF has shown some success in melanoma with activating BRAF mutations,10 similar trials in thyroid cancer have produced mixed results.11–14 Major limitations of therapy with single agent BRAF inhibition include intrinsic (upfront) and acquired resistance.