VEGFA and neoplasm: TGF-β1is also produced and secreted by accumulating immune cells, such asmonocyte-derived M2-polarized macrophages that promote the angiogenicpotential of carcinoma cells in vitro, resultingin increased release of VEGF and bFGF from the tumor cells Therefore,the recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), characterizedas M2-like macrophages, is a mechanism linking and driving angiogenesisand inflammation because the same cytokines can activate their accumulationand be further secreted by them to the microenvironment exhibitingeffects on both processes.72,77