Targeting MDSCs via CSF-1/CSF-1R inhibitors thus becomes a potential strategy to overcome tumor resistance to ICBs. Though a large number of agents targeting the upstream factors or receptors of MDSC accumulation are being tested to potentiate ICB efficacy, it has to be addressed that the majority of MDSC-recruiting chemokines can also act on other immune cells with antitumor activities such as T lymphocytes [95] and NK cells [96]. Here, CSF1 is linked to neoplasm.