CGAS and neoplasm: Accordingly, the proteins involved in the cGAS-STING signaling pathway were dramatically upregulated by cGAS EVs, as detected by western blot analyses (Fig. 4A), indicating the great promise of EV-based cGAS delivery to induce STING pathway activation for therapeutic applications in vivo. Having proven the impressive antitumor effect, we first examined the effects of cGAS EVs on tumor cells, and was a difference observed with cGAS delivery on cell apoptosis and interferon signaling (Fig. S5A–E).