TNF and gastrointestinal disease: Bacterial translocation and gut permeability are well described among gastrointestinal diseases such as ALD, MAFLD, IBD.15,16,51 To examine phage translocation in monolayer models mimicking these disease states, we treated Caco-2 and colonoid monolayers with either 40 mM ethanol, 0.25 mM of 2:1 palmitic:oleic acid or a cocktail of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α (10 ng/ml each) for 24 hours to model ALD, MALFD, and IBD, respectively (Figure 5).