TNF and Ataxia: Similarly, the cerebellum has been observed to be a structure significantly affected by exposure to O3. In newborn rats, the dynamics of neurotransmitters such as GABA and glutamate modulation in Purkinje cells are altered [29]. These can lead to motor impairments such as ataxia and limited cortical brain recovery after damage. Furthermore, in rats exposed to ozone for five days, a significant increase in TNF-α and IL-6 levels was observed in the frontal cortex after only six hours of exposure. These cytokines induce an inflammatory response in the CNS with activation of apoptosis [30].