For example, there are reports of disease-associated overactivation of ERK (cancer; Persaud et al., 2016) and CaMKII (i.e., cytotoxicity induced cardiomyopathy and motor neuron degeneration/loss) (Park et al., 2018; Lin et al., 2022), both of which are downstream targets of CRABP1 and non-canonical RA signaling. Here, CRABP1 is linked to cardiomyopathy.