The details are as follows: miR379 and Smurf1, miR-199a and specific UPS components, miR-146a and SUMOylation were shown to participate in the treatment of HF (39, 64, 65); HIF-1α pathway inhibitors and miR-483 mimics can be potential therapeutic agents for calcific AV disease (72); miR-140-5p and SMURF1 are emerging as crucial regulators and therapeutic targets for PAH (113). This evidence concerns the gene SMURF1 and pulmonary arterial hypertension.