The following four ncRNAs, miR-379 and miR-199a, miR-146a and lncDACH1 were shown to be upregulated during HF and to aggravate HF via inhibition of the E3 ubiquitin protein Smurf1, ubiquitin-binding enzymes Ube2i and Ube2g1, and SUMO1 and upregulation of Smurf1 in vivo and in vitro (39, 64–66). The gene discussed is SUMO1; the disease is hydrops fetalis.