SPP1 and neoplasm: Since there is no data of OPN (SPP1 gene), S100A9, and RAMP3 in HPA database, we detected their expression in tumor tissues and paracancerous tissues using immunofluorescence staining in shuguang cohort, and the results showed that OPN, S100A9, RAMP3 were highly expressed in tumor tissues compared with paracancerous tissues (Figs. 10D–10F).