INS and gestational diabetes: Several common pregnancy complications, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), gestational hypertension (GH) and preeclampsia (PE), arise from the system-wide metabolic reprogramming that exceeds the maternal compensatory capacity due to insulin resistance, elevated lipid profiles or placental hormones and cytokines, leading to the deterioration of β-cell secretion function and endothelial damage [10].