For instance, phase III clinical trials, such as CheckMate 498, CheckMate 548 and CheckMate 143, evaluated the use of Nivolumab (a programmed death 1 (PD-1) blockade antibody) alone or in combination with radiotherapy, temozolomide (TMZ), or both, failed to meet the primary endpoints in glioblastoma patients [33–35]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and glioblastoma.