Intriguingly, both TCGA and CGGA datasets indicated that TAM-SPP1 was consistently more abundant in primary glioma patients with poor prognosis (p < 0.0001, Fig. 5a, b), and was significantly associated with poorer overall survival compared to those with low levels (p < 0.0001, Fig. 5c, d). Here, SPP1 is linked to glioma.