TNF and COVID-19: Among others, particularly cytokines that have been shown to be upregulated in COVID-19 patients, some of them correlating with increased mortality, including CCL2, CCL3, CXCL1, CXCL10, CCL20, GM-CSF, M-CSF, IFNγ and TNF [42–45], were also decreased upon either treatment, albeit not all of them with statistical significance (Supplementary information, Fig. S5b).