Among the biomarkers, MDK showed the best AUC, 0.760, for the detection of UBC, followed by KRT17 with AUC 0.730, and both EV mRNA markers outperformed conventional markers such as cytology (AUC 0.721), NMP22 (AUC 0.692), microhematuria (AUC 0.669) and BTA (AUC 0.659). Here, NUMA1 is linked to Microscopic hematuria.