In fact, even cell type-specific loss of TGF-β signaling can lead to the development of various autoimmune diseases in mice.597–604 In patients with autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE),605–607 systemic sclerosis (SSc),608–611 rheumatoid arthritis (RA),612–614 Sjögren’s syndrome,586,614–616 Crohn’s disease,587,617–619 ulcerative colitis (UC),617–622 autoimmune hepatitis (AIH),623,624 and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT),606,625,626 the levels of TGF-β or TβR in tissues or circulation are associated with the presence, activity, and severity of the diseases. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Hashimoto thyroiditis.