As for the cardiovascular system, TGF-β is also elevated during myocardial fibrosis, valve fibrosis, and arteriosclerosis, generally attributed to the expression by SMCs, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and inflammatory cells such as macrophages.560–569 On one hand, TGF-β can stimulate cardiovascular fibroblasts to differentiate into MFs and produce ECM components and remodelers,562,563,570–573 on the other hand, it can also stimulate endothelial cells to undergo EndMT to induce their fibrogenic phenotype.569,574,575. Here, TGFB1 is linked to arteriosclerosis.