TGFB1 and lymphopenia: Although cilengitide failed to demonstrate significant clinical benefits in these studies on tumors, it might be a novel treatment for fibrotic diseases as relevant preclinical studies suggested.908,909 Notably, the adverse events possibly related to cilengitide treatment included fatigue, arthralgia, lymphopenia, and gastrointestinal disorders.893,897,899,900,904,906,907 Furthermore, an inhibitor of pan-integrins and TGF-β known as GLPG-0187 was proved to enhance T cell killing of colorectal cancer cells in vitro, possibly by suppressing TGF-β-mediated PD-L1 upregulation.910,911