Furthermore, TGF-β is widely involved in the fibrosis of many other tissues and diseases as in the cases of cutaneous fibrosis,576,577 muscular fibrosis,578 pancreatic fibrosis,579–582 myelofibrosis,583,584 adenomyosis,585 autoimmune diseases,238,527,573,586–589 and infectious diseases.590–593. Here, TGFB1 is linked to infectious disease.