INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In the subsequent KEGG pathway enrichment analysis, the DEGs displayed significant enrichment in pathways associated with cellular senescence, the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway, DNA replication, the spliceosome, base excision repair, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), pathways in cancer, human T-cell leukemia virus 1 infection, propanoate metabolism, and insulin (Fig. 8A–B).