TGFB1 and aortic stenosis: Plasma levels of total TGF-β1 were significantly higher in AS patients compared with healthy control subjects or patient control subjects (Figure 1A) (Median plasma levels of total TGF-β1 were significantly higher in AS patients [1.29 ng/mL (Q1, Q3: 1.10, 1.81 ng/mL], n = 34) compared with patient control subjects [1.10 ng/mL (Q1, Q3: 0.92, 1.48 ng/mL), n = 47; P = 0.049] and healthy control subjects (0.71 ng/mL (Q1, Q3: 0.60, 0.91 ng/mL), n = 22; P < 0.001]).