TLR4 and inflammatory bowel disease: First identified as a tumor suppressor candidate expressed in murine macrophages and splenic tissue, microRNA-147 (miR-147) has more recently been shown to regulate inflammation and macrophage functionality by targeting Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in addition to shaping the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease and coronary atherosclerosis (Lagos-Quintana et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2009).