IFNG and colitis: The acidic HMO fraction (most likely to be rich in sialylated structures) of pooled HMOs isolated from breastmilk increased IFN-γ production from cord blood-derived mononuclear cells (34) and 3′SL was previously shown to induce mesenteric lymph node-derived DCs to produce cytokines driving Th1 and Th17-dependent inflammation in an il10–/– mouse model of spontaneous colitis (36).