INS and necrotizing enterocolitis: Boghossian NS et al. (8) found that extremely preterm infants born to insulin-dependent diabetic mothers had higher risks of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), sepsis, and small head circumference but did not have an increased risk of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), or bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD).