These mechanisms encompass aberrant aggregation of TDP-43, inflammatory responses and astroglial activation, synaptic dysfunction and tissue integrity impairment (Illán-Gala et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2023), etc. More longitudinal studies are warranted to elucidate the extent of cortical alterations in individuals diagnosed with ALS. The gene discussed is TARDBP; the disease is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.