TNF and Parkinson disease: In a mouse model of Parkinson's disease, researchers delivered catalase mRNA loaded EVs to target cells in the brain and demonstrated significantly lower expression of neuroinflammatory markers (GFAP, Iba1, TNFα, CD11b) compared to controls dosed with free catalase mRNA, establishing an EV-based mRNA delivery platform for treating Parkinson's disease (Figure 9A-B) 118.