TNF and Sepsis: A significant overlap between sepsis patients (Fig. 1C, D) and non-infected ICU patients (Fig. 5C, D) was also identified in the functional enrichment analysis based on correlation values (rho) within the gene expression matrix, revealing 15 common pathways, such as EF-2 signaling, allograft rejection, oxidative phosphorylation, and fatty acid metabolism, displayed negative NES, while pathways like inflammatory response, TNF signaling via NF-κB, IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling, and hypoxia exhibited increased NES.