Given the enduring anti-tumor response witnessed with nivolumab and ipilimumab in clinical contexts, and the notable efficacy of RCT001 observed in M2 macrophages, we pursued an evaluation of RCT001 in combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) anti-PD-1 (like nivolumab) and anti-CTLA4 (like ipilimumab), against experimental RCC, as depicted in Fig. 5. This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and renal cell carcinoma.