In a UK population-based case-control study including 920 patients with IPF and 3593 controls, significant associations were observed between IPF and diabetes-related exposures, with the strongest association found with insulin use (OR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.46–3.83, P < 0.001), and this association was much stronger than that of IPF and oral hypoglycemic drugs [19]. Here, INS is linked to idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.