Urinary thioredoxin 1 and glutathione S-transferase have been extensively studied as markers of acute kidney injury in the clinical setting18,19, while peroxiredoxin 3 was shown to be overexpressed in kidneys with acute tubular necrosis, particularly in the organs that recovered well after acute injury, suggesting a potential role as biomarker17. This evidence concerns the gene HPGDS and acute kidney injury.