The expression of colony-stimulating factor and its receptor is up-regulated in patients with multiple stages of acute myocardial infarction and stable angina pectoris, suggesting that adhesion, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis of neutrophils and monocyte macrophages are enhanced with the development of AS and acute myocardial infarction28. Here, CSF2 is linked to acute myocardial infarction.