CCL2 and diabetes mellitus: In addition, other biomarkers reported in recent studies, including renal injury(such as KIM-1, β2-MG, Cys-C, and YKL-40) and proinflammatory factors (such as TNF receptor-1/2, suPAR, and MCP-1) showed a relatively lower sensitivity and specificity for predicting kidney injury associated with diabetes (4, 5, 27).