Pertinent to the generality of ES-62 in targeting the gut-BM axis to resolve chronic inflammation, it is also worth noting that B cell-specific depletion of MyD88 results in abrogation of pathogenic autoantibody responses (51–53) and is associated with the ES-62-induction of protective Bregs in mouse models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), asthma and RA (7, 54, 55). This evidence concerns the gene MYD88 and rheumatoid arthritis.