Recently, Simeon’ team reported that the concentration of desialylated MUC1-ED and flagellin expression in Pa were dramatically increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) harvested from Pa-infected patients [10], this indicated that measurement of MUC1-ED in BALF levels might serve as a guide for antibiotic therapy in patients with Pa-infections. Here, MUC1 is linked to infection.