PDCD1 and non-small cell lung carcinoma: Furthermore, several phase III clinical trials have demonstrated significant and durable clinical benefits in advanced NSCLC patients through the application of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that target programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4).