PTEN and cancer: Previous literature has provided substantial evidence linking these significantly enriched pathways to cancer initiation and progression, as observed in bladder cancer38, gastric cancer39, cervical cancer40, lung cancer41-43, and others associated with the amplification or alteration of 5p15; the close association between the PPARA pathway and various cancers44-46; as well as the role of the PTEN pathway in tumorigenesis47-49.