For example; alpha-pinene modulates the inflammatory response and protects against brain ischemia–reperfusion injury in normoxic rats by inhibiting the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) pathway and reducing caspase-3 activation32. This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and brain ischemia.